Options Basics: How Options Work.
Options contracts are essentially the price probabilities of future events. The more likely something is to occur, the more expensive an option would be that profits from that event. This is the key to understanding the relative value of options.
Let’s take as a generic example a call option on International Business Machines Corp. (IBM) with a strike price of $200; IBM is currently trading at $175 and expires in 3 months. Remember, the call option gives you the right , but not the obligation , to purchase shares of IBM at $200 at any point in the next 3 months. If the price of IBM rises above $200, then you “win.” It doesn’t matter that we don’t know the price of this option for the moment – what we can say for sure, though, is that the same option that expires not in 3 months but in 1 month will cost less because the chances of anything occurring within a shorter interval is smaller. Likewise, the same option that expires in a year will cost more. This is also why options experience time decay: the same option will be worth less tomorrow than today if the price of the stock doesn’t move.
Returning to our 3-month expiration, another factor that will increase the likelihood that you’ll “win” is if the price of IBM stock rises closer to $200 – the closer the price of the stock to the strike, the more likely the event will happen. Thus, as the price of the underlying asset rises, the price of the call option premium will also rise. Alternatively, as the price goes down – and the gap between the strike price and the underlying asset prices widens – the option will cost less. Along a similar line, if the price of IBM stock stays at $175, the call with a $190 strike price will be worth more than the $200 strike call – since, again, the chances of the $190 event happening is greater than $200.
There is one other factor that can increase the odds that the event we want to happen will occur – if the volatility of the underlying asset increases. Something that has greater price swings – both up and down – will increase the chances of an event happening. Therefore, the greater the volatility, the greater the price of the option. Options trading and volatility are intrinsically linked to each other in this way.
With this in mind, let’s consider a hypothetical example. Let's say that on May 1, the stock price of Cory's Tequila Co. (CTQ) is $67 and the premium (cost) is $3.15 for a July 70 Call, which indicates that the expiration is the third Friday of July and the strike price is $70. The total price of the contract is $3.15 x 100 = $315. In reality, you'd also have to take commissions into account, but we'll ignore them for this example. On most U. S. exchanges, a stock option contract is the option to buy or sell 100 shares; that's why you must multiply the contract by 100 to get the total price. The strike price of $70 means that the stock price must rise above $70 before the call option is worth anything; furthermore, because the contract is $3.15 per share, the break-even price would be $73.15.
Three weeks later the stock price is $78. The options contract has increased along with the stock price and is now worth $8.25 x 100 = $825. Subtract what you paid for the contract, and your profit is ($8.25 - $3.15) x 100 = $510. You almost doubled our money in just three weeks! You could sell your options, which is called "closing your position," and take your profits – unless, of course, you think the stock price will continue to rise. For the sake of this example, let's say we let it ride.
By the expiration date, the price of CTQ drops down to $62. Because this is less than our $70 strike price and there is no time left, the option contract is worthless. We are now down by the original premium cost of $315.
To recap, here is what happened to our option investment:
So far we've talked about options as the right to buy or sell (exercise) the underlying good. This is true, but in reality, a majority of options are not actually exercised. In our example, you could make money by exercising at $70 and then selling the stock back in the market at $78 for a profit of $8 a share. You could also keep the stock, knowing you were able to buy it at a discount to the present value. However, the majority of the time holders choose to take their profits by trading out (closing out) their position. This means that holders sell their options in the market, and writers buy their positions back to close. According to the CBOE, only about 10% of options are exercised, 60% are traded (closed) out, and 30% expire worthless.
At this point it is worth explaining more about the pricing of options. In our example the premium (price) of the option went from $3.15 to $8.25. These fluctuations can be explained by intrinsic value and extrinsic value, also known as time value. An option's premium is the combination of its intrinsic value and its time value. Intrinsic value is the amount in-the-money, which, for a call option, means that the price of the stock equals the strike price. Time value represents the possibility of the option increasing in value. Refer back to the beginning of this section of the turorial: the more likely an event is to occur, the more expensive the option. This is the extrinsic, or time value. So, the price of the option in our example can be thought of as the following:
In real life options almost always trade at some level above their intrinsic value, because the probability of an event occurring is never absolutely zero, even if it is highly unlikely. If you are wondering, we just picked the numbers for this example out of the air to demonstrate how options work.
A brief word on options pricing. As we’ve seen, the relative price of an option has to do with the chances that an event will happen. But in order to put an absolute price on an option, a pricing model must be used. The most well-known model is the Black-Scholes-Merton model, which was derived in the 1970’s, and for which the Nobel prize in economics was awarded. Since then other models have emerged such as binomial and trinomial tree models, which are also commonly used.
Understanding Employee Stock Options.
Does your new job offer stock options to you? For many it's a great incentive to join a new company. Google (GOOG) has to be the highest-profile example, with the legendary stories of thousands of original employees becoming multi-millionaires, including the in-house masseuse. Below is some information to help you understand stock options a little better if you’re confused about how they work.
Though employee stock options have lost a bit of their luster since the global financial meltdown -- being replaced more and more by restricted stock -- options still account for nearly one-third of the value of executive incentive packages, according to compensation consulting firm James F. Reda & Associates. Want stock options? You’re going to find them harder to find these days, mainly due to changes in the tax laws and recent blow-back from employees working for companies battered by the recession and tired of holding out-of-the-money, worthless options. In fact, employee stock options peaked in popularity back in 1999.
But if you score a gig with options, here’s how it will work.
Being granted stock options gives you the right to buy your company’s stock for a set price at a future date and for a specified time. We’ll use GOOG as an example.
Let’s say you were among those lucky “Nooglers” hired back when GOOG was issuing stock options at $500. You get the right to buy 1000 shares at $500 (the grant price ) after two years (the vesting period) and you have ten years to exercise the options (buy the shares).
If Google’s stock price is under $500 when your shares are vested they are out of the money and you’re out of luck. You don’t have to buy the shares at a loss, they just expire worthless, unless the stock rebounds and gets above its strike price -- or if the company generously decides to revalue the original exercise price.
But if GOOG is over $1000, as it is now, crack open the champagne – you’re in the money! You can buy 1000 shares at $500, then sell them and pocket a half million dollar profit. Just watch out for the ensuing tax bill.
In some cases, you can exercise your options and then hold on to the stock for at least a year before selling them and pay a lower tax rate. Options have a bunch of tax consequences to consider. If you have questions about your stock options, ask an advisor.
The downside of employee stock options.
In spite of that fact that options can make millionaires out of masseuses, there are some downsides:
Stock options can be a bit complicated. For example, different kinds of stock options have different tax consequences. There are non-qualified options and incentive stock options (ISOs), both having specific tax triggers. Options can expire worthless. Imagine the thrill of a grant followed by the agony of a stock flop. Rather than acting as an employee incentive, options issued for a stumbling stock can muck-up morale. Knowing when and how to exercise stock options can be nerve wracking. Has the stock reached its peak? Will it ever rebound from historic lows? Exercise and hold – or exercise and sell? And you can get way too invested in company stock. Holding a heap of options can lead to a windfall or a downfall. You just can’t bank on them until they’re in the money and in your pocket.
Employee stock options can be an extraordinary wealth-builder. With a rising company stock price and a vesting ladder, it’s almost like a forced savings account. And that can be an option worth taking.
Neda Jafarzadeh is a financial analyst for NerdWallet, a site dedicated to helping investors make better financial decisions with their money.
The views and opinions expressed herein are the views and opinions of the author and do not necessarily reflect those of NASDAQ, Inc.
How a Put Option Trade Works.
Put options are bets that the price of the underlying asset is going to fall. Puts are excellent trading instruments when you’re trying to guard against losses in stock, futures contracts, or commodities that you already own.
Here is a typical situation where buying a put option can be beneficial: Say, for example, that you bought XYZ at $31, but you start getting concerned, because the stock price is starting to drift down because the market is weakening.
A good way to protect yourself when you’re in this situation is to buy a put option. So you decide to buy an August 30 put for a $1 premium, which costs you $100.
By buying the put, you’re locking in the value of your stock at $30 per share until the expiration date on the third Friday in August. If the stock price falls to $20 per share, you still can sell it to someone at $30 per share, as long as the option has not expired. Indeed, the put option gives you the right to sell the stock at $30 no matter how low the price falls.
Using the put option as portfolio insurance fixes your worst risk at $200, which includes the $100 premium you paid for the put option and the $1 per share you can lose after originally paying $31 per share for the stock, if you exercise the put.
Your other alternative when the stock falls below $30 is to sell the put to the market and profit from the appreciation of the option while holding onto the stock.
How a Call Option Trade Works.
You can think of a call option as a bet that the underlying asset is going to rise in value. The following example illustrates how a call option trade works.
Assume that you think XYZ stock in the above figure is going to trade above $30 per share by the expiration date, the third Friday of the month. So you buy a $30 call option for $2, with a value of $200, plus commission, plus any other required fees.
If you’re right, and XYZ is up to $35 per share by the expiration date, you can exercise your option, buy 100 shares of XYZ at $30, which costs you $3,000, and then sell it on the open market at $35, realizing a gain of $500 minus your initial $200 premium, commissions, and other fees.
In this case, your option is in the money, because the strike price is less than the market price of the underlying asset.
When you, the option holder, put in your order, the dealer searches for someone on the other side of the trade, in other words the option writer, with the same class and strike price of the option. The writer is then assigned the trade and must sell his shares to you, if you exercise the option.
So, a call assignment requires the writer, the trader who sold the call option to you, to sell his stock to you. A put assignment, on the other hand, requires the person who sold you the put on the other side of the trade (again, the put writer) to buy the stock from you, the put holder.
You have two other possibilities: You can hold the stock, knowing that you have a $5 cushion, because you bought it at a discount, or you can sell the option back to the market, hopefully at a profit.
According to the CBOE, most options never are exercised. Instead, most traders sell the option back to the market.
Комментариев нет:
Отправить комментарий